Rwanda enacts new law requiring social and environmental impact assessments for major projects

By The Inspirer.

Kigali, September 1, 2025 — The Government of Rwanda has introduced a new ministerial order mandating that all large-scale projects undergo both environmental and social impact assessments before approval.

The order, issued by the Ministry of Environment on August 19, 2025, replaces the 2019 regulation that only focused on environmental impacts without considering social dimensions.

Under the new law, assessments will be required for major developments such as residential, commercial, recreational, sports, religious, and educational facilities. Specifically, the regulation applies to buildings accommodating more than 500 people, those covering an area of at least 1,500 square meters, residential structures with four or more floors, and commercial buildings with three or more floors.

Thadée Twagirimana, Acting Director General for Environment and Climate Change at the Ministry of Environment, told The New Times that the revision was necessary to address gaps in the previous framework.

“The earlier law did not address social aspects, nor did it provide clear guidelines on the qualifications and capacity of environmental inspectors. Additionally, annexes to the law required further refinement,” he explained.

The revised order introduces several improvements, including social impact assessments to be conducted by accredited organizations. Independent consultants may carry out simplified assessments. It also integrates analyses on gender equality, labor conditions, resettlement processes, and mechanisms for resolving grievances raised by affected communities.

According to Twagirimana, the new law will support sustainable development by protecting both the environment and people. “It allows potential risks to be identified early, reduces conflicts, and builds public trust and support for projects,” he noted.

The reform is also expected to minimize financial losses resulting from overlooked environmental or social impacts, while making Rwanda more attractive to both domestic and foreign investors.

Private sector representatives have welcomed the move. Victoire Akimanizanye, Managing Director of Global Development Consult and Supply Ltd, described the order as a critical step.

“It is important to assess how projects affect communities and to listen to citizens’ views, as this prevents land disputes and fosters consensus,” she said. “I particularly welcome the inclusion of resettlement planning, which is vital for today’s projects and helps avoid conflicts between landowners and developers.”

The new regulation marks a significant shift in Rwanda’s infrastructure and investment landscape, ensuring that growth aligns with both environmental sustainability and community well-being.